Zhu De (Wade-Giles: Chu Teh; pronounced [tʂú tɤ̌]; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, politician, revolutionary, and one of the pioneers of the Chinese Communist Party. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in 1955 Zhu became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army, of which he is regarded as a principal founder.
Contents [show]
Life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Zhu was born on December 18, 1886 to a poor tenant farmer's family in Hung, a town in Yilong County, a hilly and isolated part of northern Sichuan province.[1] His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from Hunan province and Guangdong province.[2][3] Despite their poverty, Zhu was sent to a classic private school in 1892. At age nine, Zhu was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy later on.[4] Before the repeal of imperial examinations in 1906, he attained the rank of Xiucai, which allowed him to qualify as a civil servant.[5][6] Enrolling in Sichuan high school around 1907, upon graduating in 1908 he returned to Yilong high primary school as a gym instructor. An advocate of modern science and political teaching, rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post[2] and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming. There, he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui secret political society (the forerunner of Kuomintang).[7]
Nationalism and Warlordism[edit]
Zhe De on horseback
At the Yunnan Military Academy, Zhu met Cai E (Tsai Ao).[8] He continued to teach at the Academy after his graduation in July 1911.[9] Siding with the revolutionary forces after the Chinese Revolution, he joined Brigadier Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan, and served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseat Yuan Shikai in 1915-16. When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made a brigade commander.[10]
Following the death of his mentor Cai E and his own wife, Zhu developed a strong opium habit that afflicted him until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[11] His troops continued to support him and he became a warlord. In 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibet border, he returned to Yunnan as a public security commissioner of the provincial government. Around this time, his second wife and child were murdered by rival warlords, which may have contributed to his decision to leave China for study in Europe.[12] He first travelled to Shanghai where he broke his opium habit and reportedly met Dr Sun Yat-sen.[13] He attempted to join the Chinese Communist Party in early 1922, but was rejected due to his former warlord ties.[14]
Converting to Communism[edit]
Zhu De in 1916
In late 1922,[15] Zhu went to Europe, studying at Göttingen University in Germany until 1925. Here he met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests.[16] Around this time he joined the Communist Party of China.[17] Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors. In July 1925, he traveled to the Soviet Union to study military affairs, returning to China in July 1926 to persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to support the Northern Expedition.[15] His failure to do this did not affect his standing in the Communist Party however, as he was soon named head of a new First United Front military institute in Nanchang.[18]
Zhe De and his forces photographed with Fan Shisheng and his forces
In 1927, following the collapse of the First United Front, KMT authorities ordered Zhu lead a force against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng's Nanchang Uprising.[15] However, having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang.[19] The uprising failed to gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Nanchang with his army. Under the false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining the warlord Fan Shisheng.[19]
'Zhu Mao'[edit]
Zhu photographed with Mao and Zhou Enlai
Zhu De
Chinese 朱德
[show]Transcriptions
Zhu Yujie (zì)
Chinese 朱玉阶
[show]Transcriptions
Zhu's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when under the assistance of Chen Yi and Lin Biao, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into the Red Army, consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control.[21]
Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities.[22] During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely connected that to the local peasant farmers they were known collectively as "Zhu Mao" (homophonic to 猪毛, or pig's pelage).[23]
Cars of Mao and Zhu on display
In 1929, Zhu and Mao were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following Kuomintang military pressure.[24] Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet which would eventually grow to cover some 30,000 square kilometers (11,584 square miles) and include some three million people.[25] In 1931, Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in Ruijin by the CPC leadership.[26] Zhu successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead up to the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign[27]; however he was not able to do the same during the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and the CPC fled.[28] Zhu helped form the 1934 break out that began the Long March.[29]
Red Army leader[edit]
Chinese communist Red Army leader Zhu De
Zhu De with David D. Barrett of the Dixie Mission.
During the Long March, Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized some battles. There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In the Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Mao Zedong’s criticisms of Bo and Braun.[30] After the Zunyi Conference, Zhu coopered with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935, Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army.[31][32] When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south.[33] The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province. Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao.[34]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, he held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army[35] and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the Hundred Regiments Offensive. Mao supported this offensive at first.[36] While a successful campaign, Mao attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls Policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference.[37]
Later life[edit]
In 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA); thus posterity regards him as a principal founder of the PLA.[38] He was also the Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party (1956–1966) and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1959).[39] In 1950 Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within his authority as Commander-in-Chief.[40] In 1955, he was conferred to the rank of marshal.[41] In 1959, he tried to protect Peng Dehuai in the Lushan Conference. He just gave some mild criticisms of Peng. Mao Zedong wasn't satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[42] After the conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission.[43]
In April 1969, during the summit of the Cultural Revolution, Zhu was dismissed from his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the activity of the National People's Congress was halted.[44] However, due to the support of Zhou Enlai, he was not harmed or imprisoned.[45] In August 1969, Lin Biao issued a command that dispatched important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union, and Zhu De was driven to Guangzhou.[46] In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Standing Committee.[47]
He continued to be a prominent elder statesman until his death on 6 July 1976.[48] His death came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai[49], and just two months before the death of Mao Zedong.[50] Zhu was cremated three days after his death.[51]
Contents [show]
Life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Zhu was born on December 18, 1886 to a poor tenant farmer's family in Hung, a town in Yilong County, a hilly and isolated part of northern Sichuan province.[1] His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from Hunan province and Guangdong province.[2][3] Despite their poverty, Zhu was sent to a classic private school in 1892. At age nine, Zhu was adopted by his prosperous uncle, whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy later on.[4] Before the repeal of imperial examinations in 1906, he attained the rank of Xiucai, which allowed him to qualify as a civil servant.[5][6] Enrolling in Sichuan high school around 1907, upon graduating in 1908 he returned to Yilong high primary school as a gym instructor. An advocate of modern science and political teaching, rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools, he was dismissed from his post[2] and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming. There, he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui secret political society (the forerunner of Kuomintang).[7]
Nationalism and Warlordism[edit]
Zhe De on horseback
At the Yunnan Military Academy, Zhu met Cai E (Tsai Ao).[8] He continued to teach at the Academy after his graduation in July 1911.[9] Siding with the revolutionary forces after the Chinese Revolution, he joined Brigadier Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan, and served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseat Yuan Shikai in 1915-16. When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan's death in June 1916, Zhu was made a brigade commander.[10]
Following the death of his mentor Cai E and his own wife, Zhu developed a strong opium habit that afflicted him until 1922, when he underwent treatment in Shanghai.[11] His troops continued to support him and he became a warlord. In 1920, after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibet border, he returned to Yunnan as a public security commissioner of the provincial government. Around this time, his second wife and child were murdered by rival warlords, which may have contributed to his decision to leave China for study in Europe.[12] He first travelled to Shanghai where he broke his opium habit and reportedly met Dr Sun Yat-sen.[13] He attempted to join the Chinese Communist Party in early 1922, but was rejected due to his former warlord ties.[14]
Converting to Communism[edit]
Zhu De in 1916
In late 1922,[15] Zhu went to Europe, studying at Göttingen University in Germany until 1925. Here he met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests.[16] Around this time he joined the Communist Party of China.[17] Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors. In July 1925, he traveled to the Soviet Union to study military affairs, returning to China in July 1926 to persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to support the Northern Expedition.[15] His failure to do this did not affect his standing in the Communist Party however, as he was soon named head of a new First United Front military institute in Nanchang.[18]
Zhe De and his forces photographed with Fan Shisheng and his forces
In 1927, following the collapse of the First United Front, KMT authorities ordered Zhu lead a force against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng's Nanchang Uprising.[15] However, having helped orchestrate the uprising, Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang.[19] The uprising failed to gather support, however, and Zhu was forced to flee Nanchang with his army. Under the false name of Wang Kai, Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining the warlord Fan Shisheng.[19]
'Zhu Mao'[edit]
Zhu photographed with Mao and Zhou Enlai
Zhu De
Chinese 朱德
[show]Transcriptions
Zhu Yujie (zì)
Chinese 朱玉阶
[show]Transcriptions
Zhu's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when under the assistance of Chen Yi and Lin Biao, Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng's protection and marched his army of 10,000 men to the Jinggang Mountains.[20] Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927, and Zhu began building up his army into the Red Army, consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control.[21]
Zhu's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities.[22] During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely connected that to the local peasant farmers they were known collectively as "Zhu Mao" (homophonic to 猪毛, or pig's pelage).[23]
Cars of Mao and Zhu on display
In 1929, Zhu and Mao were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following Kuomintang military pressure.[24] Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet which would eventually grow to cover some 30,000 square kilometers (11,584 square miles) and include some three million people.[25] In 1931, Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in Ruijin by the CPC leadership.[26] Zhu successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead up to the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign[27]; however he was not able to do the same during the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and the CPC fled.[28] Zhu helped form the 1934 break out that began the Long March.[29]
Red Army leader[edit]
Chinese communist Red Army leader Zhu De
Zhu De with David D. Barrett of the Dixie Mission.
During the Long March, Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized some battles. There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun. In the Zunyi Conference, Zhu supported Mao Zedong’s criticisms of Bo and Braun.[30] After the Zunyi Conference, Zhu coopered with Mao and Zhou on military affairs. In July 1935, Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army.[31][32] When separation between the two divisions occurred, Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao, the leader of Fourth Red Army, to go south.[33] The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province. Arriving in Yan'an, Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao.[34]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, he held the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army[35] and, in 1940, Zhu, alongside Peng Dehuai, devised and organized the Hundred Regiments Offensive. Mao supported this offensive at first.[36] While a successful campaign, Mao attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls Policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference.[37]
Later life[edit]
In 1949 Zhu was named Commander-in-Chief of the People's Liberation Army (PLA); thus posterity regards him as a principal founder of the PLA.[38] He was also the Vice-Chairman of the Communist Party (1956–1966) and Vice-Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1954–1959).[39] In 1950 Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within his authority as Commander-in-Chief.[40] In 1955, he was conferred to the rank of marshal.[41] In 1959, he tried to protect Peng Dehuai in the Lushan Conference. He just gave some mild criticisms of Peng. Mao Zedong wasn't satisfied with Zhu De's behavior.[42] After the conference, Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission.[43]
In April 1969, during the summit of the Cultural Revolution, Zhu was dismissed from his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the activity of the National People's Congress was halted.[44] However, due to the support of Zhou Enlai, he was not harmed or imprisoned.[45] In August 1969, Lin Biao issued a command that dispatched important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union, and Zhu De was driven to Guangzhou.[46] In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Standing Committee.[47]
He continued to be a prominent elder statesman until his death on 6 July 1976.[48] His death came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai[49], and just two months before the death of Mao Zedong.[50] Zhu was cremated three days after his death.[51]
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